following quote (abridged) translation next article Guido List. This time I will not do pererasskazyvat and call himself a master. In some places, only added a little gag, but - so as not to denigrate the honorable name of an Austrian researcher with his own speculation and, perhaps, unreasonable interpretation - clearly separated their comments on what has been said Guido von List brackets and in bold. Translation is a long time on my computer. It is time to share. Maybe someone will be interested ...
people on the field
In the forties of the past of the nineteenth century in Lower Austria, and in all probability, also in other German lands of vagrant actors who were not until the nationals of any state, have been forcibly subordinated by municipalities, in whose territory they will one day just happened to be there. Until that time they formed a completely free community so-called "Gang» ( Banden ), who did not recognize on a no masters and no power, and bowed their heads just before the relentless tyranny big feudal lords, and the rest were tsyganopodobnuyu, free life. Each of these groups continued their descent in itself, but supports other groups a kind of "cooperative" relationship, observing and respecting each other's sphere of influence and not allowing others to infiltrate gangs to "their" territory.
According to the old tradition, most of these still exists (albeit in changed circumstances) gangs has its origin from "marauding freelance" in general, and retired from the mercenaries of Emperor Charles V . In particular, when the mercenary troops of the emperor were disbanded after his famous trip to Tunisia.
(Emperor Charles V , painting by Titian)
This story is absolutely true and accurate, however, except that it refers not to most origin of these gangs, as erroneously believed, but only one of stages of their "evolution» or, if so wish, to a certain stage of their "reorganization" память о которой до сих пор сохранилась в сознании этих последних остатков внушавших некогда большой страх, но также и многократно воспетого «народа на поле».
Народ на поле?! – вы спросите – Совершенно верно!
Сей "The people on the field, which will be discussed below, was formed long before Christianity took root in German Gau ( Gau ). The story of his birth goes into the depth of the German pre-Roman antiquity, in those days, when many German tribes were not united by a common "idea of a single state, and therefore co-existed alongside each other in a kind of a free, no alliance cohesion, and in those days, when the basis of public order is an autonomy of individual provinces and municipalities.
Landsknechts mercenaries in traditional dress
happened that any member gravely Gow wronged by their comrades, but the execution of his death would not or could not, for whatever reasons. In this case, he was expelled and stripped of the Fatherland, or, as they said then, outlawed, ie deprived of his right to a remedy and in general all the "civil" rights. This exile had no rights, no property, no country, and everyone had a right, moreover, was obliged to kill him as a certain pest predator, where he met his no.
Then These exiles fled to the forests and joined together in roving gangs, who lived by hunting and plunder, and sometimes even formed their own separate communities and entire villages, which of course, also entirely outlawed. In the list of titles (now extinct) region of Lower Austria, including many of whose names clearly indicate that these towns once represented precisely such settlements are "illegal."
In addition, the ranks of exiles replenished with all sorts of refugees, rejected the adulteress (see A Tale of «Griselda» , «Genevieve Brabant» , etc.), fallen girls, illegitimate birth, and other outcasts of society then.
«Genevieve in the forest retreat - picture of the eminent German hodozhnika romantic Adrian Ludwig Richter
If these unfortunate at first drove away to the wolves on the field, soon their numbers had become so great that for them began to talk about how "people on the field." This "people" in their own way to build their organized structure, and eventually became the present a dangerous threat to those who lived in a lawful, regulated life. So things were before the time of the Saxons killer Charles, whose grateful Rome rewarded the title of "Great» ( in 782 Charles the Great "ordered behead 4,500 taken prisoner by the Saxons, who refused to accept Christianity and thereby bring the pagan faith of ancestors - Nordblut ). With Carl began that terrible time when poor Germans were addressed to the "religion Love on the benches of torture. Thus, those who refused to be baptized, were forced to flee and seek their salvation in the "people on the field» ( should take account of the curious fact that the term "pagan" and "field" translated into German the same word « Heide ». Obviously, between the two concepts should be linked. If one considers further that the word « Heide » rooted in the Christian church vocabulary, and that it arose during the baptism of Germany (and only then finally consolidated in the vocabulary of the German language), then it is possible to see an indication of that this term was put into use by Christian missionaries to refer to deceased "in the" Gentiles, ie, fled from the persecution of church pagan executioners "conservatives", as us and says Guido von List - Nordblut ).
Thus "the people on the field of" entered into its second stage of "evolution" during which he had absorbed almost the entire intelligentsia of the then society, because skalds, ie votanizma priests who until forcible invasion Christianity were revered class teachers and leaders of the people, were forced to give violent persecution from the new government, and so thus not only swelled the ranks of exiles in the field, but also ennobled them. Traces of their secret war against the Church and its supporters can be seen in the nuclei of many unrest that occurred in the early medieval period, whose sudden and mysterious bursts kept in fear of the rulers over the centuries.
medieval "Spielmann" - strolling folk musicians, poets, actors, singers
In this second phase of development "of the people on the field" or, as it now has started calling, «dishonest people» appeared Sc. "Spielmann» ( Spielleute ) - strolling musicians, actors and singers of those ancient times, predecessors our current so-called. folk singers. Speaking before the people, these Spielmann went on the old musical traditions, which previously were cultured in the former "Halgadomah» ( Halgadom , votanicheskogo sanctuary of worship), and therefore were condemned and prohibited by the Church ( remember that even before the very recently the only musical instrument, valid at the time of Christian worship, is an agency, because all other instruments have been declared the Roman Church "Heretical" and "unclean", which played only a "godless heathens". For the same reasons as the Church frowned on to every kind of dance and to the rest the popular "fun", because the dance, as well as singing, initially had a ritual purpose of worship ( Hexentanz ) and for the same purpose vividly used in pagan festivals, as well as votanicheskih sanctuaries (as well known church leaders). In German language, there is still a popular expression " einen Heiden - Spa ß haben ", ie "Fun as the heathen do." It is in this and should be sought the true cause of disapproval and prohibition of the Church "godless" and "heretical entertainment" such as dancing and singing. - Nordblut ).
vagrant Spielmann come to court - painting by German artist Moritz von Schwind
As a rule, in the presence of a musical band, consisting of "Dishonest Spielmann» ( sheet is well expressed: "musical gang » ( Musikbande ); to our modern perception, associating with the word "gang" a sort of underground, illegal actions of a criminal organization, not a band, it must seem strange and unusual. However, indications that the first musical ensembles really come from "illegal" artistic groups (gangs) socially excluded, can be found in our modern language. Let us recall the English word « band », which also means no more than a "musical team. We also remind that the craft artist considered one of the most unworthy and malouvazhaemyh not only throughout the Middle Ages, but long after it ends. Musicians, singers, actors, clowns, etc. ranks last in the occupational hierarchy "of the Christian Middle Ages. Why were so, we have already explained: precisely because the Catholic Church, no doubt, was aware of the important role which these arts play in the rituals of pagan worship of the past, which she tried to exterminate all means available. And if the Church did not succeed completely and totally get rid from this unwelcome remnant repressed "pagan" cult, then at least it is a great success has left him branded a shameful and frivolous craft, which, therefore, was given one of the last places in the hierarchy of medieval society. - Nordblut ) it the following musical instruments: bass drum, two small drums, one or two transverse flute and one or two violins. In more recent times, a set of tools enriched by a triangle. These stray Spielmann appeared throughout the Middle Ages, wherever or claimed to have music and dance - whether it is the court of Prince, or under the village linden tree during the popular holiday (we also know about the mysterious phenomenon minnesingers (German Minnes ä nger ), whose sudden appearance in the late medieval period is still a mystery to the scientific world. Who were they? Location they come from? What was the essence of their mysterious art? We know that minnesingers also belonged to the "estate" roving performers, singers and musicians. Not having a permanent residence, they traveled around the country, appeared on the noble courts, where they offer their services. On the "bar" minnesingers often spoken of as Order minnesingers, of a secret alliance. So what is the mystery of these enigmatic poet-singers? What great secret kept skalds-minnesingers, united in their medals? The word « Minne » shall be interpreted in different ways. Scientific world, concurs, according to which « Minne » means "love." Consequently, minnesingers - it singers, praising the beauty and mystique of the highest spiritual love. However, solid reference point for such an interpretation is not, and therefore, we must recognize these conclusions completely arbitrary. Now, however, is encouraged to try approach to the phenomenon minnesingers, approaching him from the other side, and consider a different version, very different from the so-called "Scientific". Thus, another value words « Minne » - memory. The Greek word " mn é m ē " is clearly akin to the German « Minne » means the same thing - memory. The Norwegian « minne » (remember, remember) the original meaning of this word is preserved in its pure, undistorted form. And even in the Russian "imagine" we can find a distant relative (as in meaning, and in consonance) Indo-European word « minne ». From this we can make a bold conclusion that Minne - S ä nger - it's "singers, keeping the memory of anything." Liszt himself wrote in his book "Spiritual culture of the ancient Germans»: « not" love " and "memory" means the term Minn e ». It remains to clarify what exactly minnesingers sought to preserve the memory. « minnesingers were revived bards and skald, who guarded the ancient songs, and then reappears. It was during minnezanga were created heroic poem, Song of the Nibelungs, Gudrun and smaller poems on the old true story of heroes saved (...)» Wolfram von Eschenbach, the author of the great the medieval epic "Parzival", are known to be minnesingers! With the invasion of Christianity, the old pagan cult of Wotan was forced into "underground" where he later continued his secret existence . Votanicheskie religious musical tradition continued strolling musicians, Spielmann, from which later occurred Order minnesingers (which clearly indicates a vagrant early minnesingers). Let's hear what we say on this subject Liszt himself: « outlawed Arman (ex-priests of the pagan society - Nordblut ), such as skldy, bards and artists traveled to the country. Of the secret Order of Bards (Spielmann - Nordblut ) later emerged Order minnesingers, and from it - meysterzang ( Meistersang , see Wagner's opera "The Nuremberg Meistersingers »- Nordblut ), which retained no longer quite clear idea about the legacy of secret teachings and, finally, completely disappeared in just a formality. Minnesingers were Christian skalds (songwriter). Old Poetry skalds arose again in the form of Christian works , aided by minnesingers and first Meistersingers, who created the great German epic and animating pre-Christian poetry in Christian writings . Thus, minnesingers consisted of Initiates, to keep the secret teachings of banned and driven underground votanicheskoy religion, and this explained by the association minnesingers in secret associations, of the order. Creating a great, seemingly "Christian" epics of the Middle Ages ("Nibelungen," "Parsifal" etc.), they hid in them inherited the secret knowledge votanicheskogo cult. Here we must understand that these works, like all art of early minnesingers, written on the so-called language « Kala » - conditional language that sets in place a completely different story, a secret meaning, which is open only to those who sign with the rules and laws Kala (which minnesingers and trained in secret orders). « Who knew the laws Kala , he realized how much skill possessed skalds language to hide behind the words a different meaning and to convey his dedication to », wrote to Liszt" spiritual culture of the ancient Germans. " Thus, the pagan heritage of their ancestors were laid minnesingers and other Initiates the Middle Ages in supposedly Christian works, and thus carried through centuries of fierce persecution and destruction of native spiritual traditions of the Germans from the Roman-Christian power. An excellent example such a work written in the language Kala , a medieval "Song of Roland, which supposedly tells the story of the victory of Christian Charlemagne over the nations, but in fact hides the very opposite. About it in other times - Nordblut ).
Walther von der Vogelweide - perhaps the most famous minnesinger
Greater attention should be paid that, still do not acknowledge the fact that cultivated these "unfair Spielmann" drevnevotanicheskaya music that was played earlier in halgadomah and is attributed to magical powers, not only continues to live in the musical traditions of our modern roving performers, but they passed, and the repertoire of military bands, where she still resides. We are talking about the famous "fight the big drum."
All this, as well as it is no less remarkable fact that in all the great armies of Europe and the snare drum is considered a traditional and historical tools, and that the Prussian army, along with them survived even the ancient transverse flute, is proof that the old mercenary troops, of which formed our national standing army, for the most part were filled by mercenaries from the people in the field, and with them adopted and the inherent this nation special habits and customs, which later went to live in landsknehtskih and Soldiers traditions. And since our current ensembles stray Artists so far without exception, carry a large drum, and all without exception use the ancient drums, it's no less argues that "the people on the field" was by no means exhausted and consumed by mercenary troops, but merely gave them the excess of its human resources, so that later, after the dissolution of a mercenary army, re-absorb laid-off mercenaries.
"Spielmann at the court" or minnesingers
From marauding lansquenet that after the dissolution of the army of Emperor Charles V., who returned from Africa (Tunisia) with a rich booty, filled the whole of Germany, came The third phase in the evolution of "the people on the field."
Sacked mercenaries Charles V . back c b in Germany with a very unusual and quirky entourage prey. In doing so they not only enriched the "people on the field and gave it a verve for its exotic garments, but also formed a sort of a new "branch" of this nation, which soon took advantage of the situation and began to exert a decisive influence on the rest of the wandering people.
After all of the above, it becomes clear that many (if not most of) of the returnees had been discharged mercenaries previously belonged to a gang to which they are now returning with rich booty home again joined. And through them probably found their way into these gangs, and many others from looters, who otherwise would have been without a permanent home (or at all and did not want to find itself as a free life comes to their more to their liking). This explains not only the similarity of original exterior of a wandering people, and freelance, but the rapid pace formation of mercenary troops, as well as the rapid "absorption" retired soldiers in the ranks of itinerant people, as well as the impact that the Tunisian campaign mediocre manner provided for the further establishment of "people in the field."
special nature of the Tunisian campaign was whether that particular sensation (due to its rarity) made brought with individual freelance as a production negros, Moors-slaves, as well as such rare animals as camels, monkeys and parrots. Therefore, the lucky owner of these treasures will automatically become the most attractive destination for any band, especially if he was the owner of luxury, embroidered with gold Arabic tissues in which it can mimic or be up all sorts of tricks on horseback. Already it soon became impossible to imagine a band without blacks, camels, monkeys and parrots, and so each gang was trying to acquire these necessary for her wealth, and if these negroes or slaves could not learn, then find a means of "fraud". To quench the thirst sensation dear audience, the repertoire of these bands later supplemented with more and cannibals, indians and other exotic "artifacts." Thus, the traditional "Inventory" stock has been enriched by a new gang that had come from Tunisia, exotics, which remained virtually unchanged until the present day. Early Medieval Spielmann transformed into the future and our present itinerant artists, while faithfully preserving the original tradition and old Spielmann tradition.
This bright, unusual enrichment "inventory property" that led to the transformation of the individual bands contributed elevation to a higher level of development of that part of the "people on the field, which included wandering entertainers. Caused the same changes were so significant that not only remained unforgotten later, but erased from the memory of the people of the memories of old times. Thus, the starting point craft traditions Spielmann began this transitional moment in the long, fabulous history of these gangs.
course Many of the gang later origin are the offspring of the early bands, but nevertheless, most of the still existing gangs certainly has its roots not only during the Tunisian campaign, but in a much more remote depths of antiquity. And the ancestors of some gangs may have played not only on national holidays and village bat, in the courts and the knights' tournaments, but even at Keating ( old Germanic assembly of free men. - Nordblut ), as well as on halgadomah - a sanctuary of the former cult of Wotan.
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